Risk management

Organization of risk management

For FMO, acting in its role as Fund Manager ("FMO") to be able to carry out the Fund’s strategy, it is essential to have an adequate risk management system in place to identify, measure, monitor and mitigate financial risks. The DFCD Land Use Facility ("the Fund") has a pre-defined risk appetite translated into limits per client/ project, country and region. Limit usages are monitored on a monthly basis and for each proposed transaction.

The LUF Facility Manager reviews each transaction and provides consent to eligible proposals. Departmental Investment Committees, comprising of senior representatives of several departments, review financing proposals for new transactions. Each financing proposal is assessed in terms of specific counterparty, product risk as well as country risk and environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) risk. All financing proposals are accompanied by the advice of the Credit department before approval. This department is responsible for credit risk assessment of both new transactions and the existing portfolio.

In addition, clients are subject to a periodic client review, which are in general executed annually. Exposures requiring specific attention are reviewed by the Financial Risk Committee (FRC). The large and higher risk exposures are accompanied by the advice of the Credit department. If the Financial Risk Committee concludes that a client has difficulty in meeting its payment obligations, the client is transferred to the Special Operations department – responsible for the management of distressed assets – where it is closely monitored.

Financial risk

Credit risk

Definition

Credit risk is defined as the risk that the bank will suffer an economic loss because a customer fails to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms.

Risk appetite and governance

Adverse changes in credit quality can develop within FMO’s emerging market loan portfolio due to specific customer and product risk, or risks relating to the country in which the customer conducts its business. The main source of credit risk arises from investments in emerging markets and off-balance instruments such as loan commitments and guarantees.

Credit risk management is important when selecting and monitoring projects. In this process, a set of investment criteria per sector and product is used that reflects minimum standards for the required financial strength of FMO’s customers. This is further supported by credit risk models that are used for risk quantification, calculations of expected credit loss allowance, and the determination of economic capital use per transaction. Funding decisions depend on the risk profile of the customer and financing instrument. As part of regular credit monitoring, FMO customers are subject to annual reviews at a minimum. Customers that are identified as having financial difficulties fall under an intensified monitoring regime to proactively manage loans before they become non-performing, including quarterly portfolio monitoring meetings. For distressed assets, the Special Operations department actively manages workout and restructuring.

FMO has set internal appetite levels for non-performing exposures and specific impairments on loans. If any of the metrics exceed the appetite levels, Credit will assess the underlying movements and analyze trends per sector, geography, and any other parameter. Credit will also consider market developments and peer group benchmarks. Based on the analysis, Credit will propose mitigating measures to the FRC. If any of the indicators deteriorate further, the Risk department will be involved to assess to what extent the trend is threatening FMO’s capital and liquidity ratios.

Exposures and credit scoring

The following table shows LUF's total gross exposure to credit risk at year-end. The exposures, including derivatives, are shown gross, before impairments and the effect of mitigation using third-party guarantees, master netting, or collateral agreements. Regarding derivative financial instruments, only the ones with positive market values are presented. The maximum exposure to credit risk increased during the year to €72.2 million at year-end 2023 (2022: €46.3 million).

When measuring the credit risk of the emerging market portfolio at the customer level, the main parameters used are the credit quality of the counterparties and the expected recovery ratio in case of defaults. Credit quality is measured by scoring customers on various financial and key performance indicators. FMO uses a Customer Risk Rating (CRR) methodology. The model follows the EBA guidelines regarding the appropriate treatment of a low default portfolio and uses an alternative for statistical validation to perform the risk assessment of the models when there is limited or no default data.

The CRR models are based on quantitative and qualitative factors and are different for respective customer types. The models for banks and non-banking financial institutions use factors including the financial strength of the customer, franchise value, and the market and regulatory environment. The model for corporates uses factors including financial ratios, governance, and strategy. The project finance model uses factors such as transaction characteristics, market conditions, political and legal environment, and financial strength of the borrower.

Based on these scores, FMO assigns ratings to each customer on an internal scale from F1 (lowest risk) to F20 (default) representing the probability of default. This rating system is equivalent to the credit quality rating scale applied by Moody's and S&P. Likewise, the loss given default is assigned by scoring various dimensions of the product-specific risk and incorporating customer characteristics. The probability of default and loss given default scores are also used as parameters in the IFRS9 expected credit loss model. Please refer to the 'Significant accounting policies' section, for details of the expected credit loss calculation methodology.

Credit quality analysis

In addition to on balance loans, irrevocable facilities (off-balance) represent commitments to extend finance to clients and consist of contracts signed but not disbursed yet which are usually not immediately and fully drawn.

The following tables provide insights in the credit risk allocation of loan portfolio, loan commitments and financial guarantees according to internal ratings.

Non-performing exposures

A customer is considered non-performing when it is not probable that the customer will be able to pay his payment obligations in full without realization of collateral or calling on a guarantee, regardless of the existence of any past-due amount or the number of days past due.

This situation is considered to have occurred when one or more of the following conditions apply:

• The customer is past due more than 90 days on any outstanding facility;

• An unlikeliness to pay (UTP) trigger is in place that automatically leads to NPE;

• An impairment analysis, done upon a UTP trigger that possibly leads to NPE, results in an impairment higher than 12.5% on any outstanding facility;

• There are additional criteria for a customer to enter NPE status in case of Forbearance. If a customer with (No) Financial Difficulty - Forbearance status under probation is extended additional forbearance measures/ concessions or becomes more than 30 days past-due, it shall be classified as non-performing. This only applies if the customer has been non-performing while it was forborne.

NPE is applied at customer level.

The Fund’s NPE ratio increased from 0.0% in 2022 to 10.1% in 2023, mainly caused by Sembrar Sartawi Institución Financiera de Desarrollo.

Modified financial assets

Changes in terms and conditions usually include extending the maturity, changing the interest margin and changing the timing of interest payments. When the terms and conditions are modified due to financial difficulties, these loans are qualified as forborne. Refer to paragraph related to 'Modification of financial assets' in the Accounting Policies section.

Equity risk

Definition

Equity risk is the risk that the fair value of an equity investment decreases. It also includes exit risk, which is the risk that the Fund’s stake cannot be sold for a reasonable price and in a sufficiently liquid market.

Risk appetite and governance

The fund has a long-term view on its equity portfolio, usually selling its equity stake within a period of 5 to 10 years. The fund can accommodate an increase in the average holding period of its equity investments and wait for markets to improve before pursuing an exit. The equity investment portfolio consists of direct investments, largely in the financial institutions and energy sectors, co-investments with aligned partners (mainly in cooperation with funds), and indirect investments in private equity funds. Equity investments are approved by the Investment Committee. In close cooperation with the Credit and Finance departments, the Private Equity department assesses the valuation of equity investments on a periodic basis, which are approved by the FRC. Diversification across geographical area, sector, and equity type across the total portfolio is evaluated before new investments are made. Based on this performance and the market circumstances, direct exits are pursued by involving intermediaries. In the case of co-investments, our fund managers initiate the exit process as they are in the lead. Exits are challenging due to the limited availability of liquidity in some markets and the absence of well-developed stock markets.

The risk of building an equity portfolio is driven by two factors:

• Negative value adjustments due to currency effects (EUR/USD and USD/local currencies), negative economic developments in emerging markets (EM), and specific investee-related issues. This would negatively affect the profitability of FMO.

• Liquidity of the portfolio – in case the fund is not able to liquidate (part) of its maturing equity portfolio by creating sufficient exits for its direct and co-investment portfolio. This is also reflected in the fund portfolio where some fund managers have to hold longer to their portfolio due to the lack of good exit opportunities

Concentration risk

Definition

Concentration risk is the risk that the fund’s exposures are too concentrated within or across different risk categories. Concentration risk may trigger losses large enough to threaten the fund’s health or ability to maintain its core operations or trigger a material change in our risk profile.

Risk appetite and governance

Strong diversification within the fund’s emerging market portfolio is ensured through stringent limits on individual counterparties (single and group risk limits), sectors, countries, and regions. These limits are monitored by Risk, reviewed regularly, and approved by the FRC, the Managing Board, and the Supervisory Board. Diversification across countries, sectors, and individual counterparties is a key strategy to safeguard the credit quality of the portfolio.

Country, regional and sector exposures

Diversification within the Fund’s portfolio is ensured through limits on country, region and maximum exposures per client/ project. The fund has a limit that no more than thirty percent (30%) of the total aggregate funding commitments can be allocated to a single mandate country. In addition, no more than fifty (50%) of total commitments can be allocated to a specific region: Africa, Asia, or Latin America. In the fund risk appetite, the maximum customer exposure for investment is set at EUR 10 million.

The following tables present how the Fund’s loan portfolio is concentrated according to country ratings. The comparison with FMO demonstrates that loan portfolio of the Fund is concentrated in countries with higher ratings and is relatively prone to higher credit risk.

Liquidity risk

Definition

Liquidity risk is defined as the risk for fund not being able to fulfill its financial obligations due to insufficient availability of liquid means.

Risk appetite and governance

The Fund has a conservative liquidity management to ensure sufficient liquidity is available. In case of a liquidity shortfall, the Fund can make a funding request to FMO for up to a maximum of 10% of the Fund’s net portfolio.

Market risk

Market Risk is the risk that the value and/or the earnings of the bank decline because of unfavorable market movements. At FMO, this includes interest rate risk and currency risk.

Interest rate risk in the banking book

Definition

Interest rate risk is the risk of potential loss due to adverse movements in interest rates. Changing interest rates mainly influence the fair value of fixed interest balance sheet items and affect fund's earnings by altering interest rate-sensitive income and expenses, affecting its net interest income (NII).

Exposures

The interest rate risk limits were not breached in 2023. The following table summarizes the interest repricing characteristics for Fund’s assets and liabilities.

Currency Risk

Definition

Currency risk is defined as the risk that changes in foreign currency exchange rates have an adverse effect on the value of the Fund’s financial position and future cash flows. The Fund also reviews currency risk in terms of impact on the capital ratios

Exposures

Individual and total open currency positions were within risk appetite in 2023. The table below illustrates that the currency risk sensitivity gap per December 2023 is almost completely part of fund's equity investments and investments in associates.

The sensitivities employ simplified scenarios. The sensitivity of profit and loss account and shareholders’ equity to possible changes in the main foreign currencies is based on the immediate impact on the financial assets and liabilities held at year-end. This includes the effect of hedging instruments.

Business Risk

Environmental, Social and Governance risks

Definition

Environmental & Social (E&S) risk refers to the risk posed by (potential) adverse impact of the FMO investments on the environment, their employees and workers, communities, and other stakeholders which may affect FMO's customers. Corporate Governance (CG) risks refer primarily to risk to customers’ business and - as a result - to FMO.

Risk Appetite and Governance

FMO has a cautious appetite for ESG risk in investments. FMO strives for investments to be brought in line with our ESG risk mitigation requirements in a credible and reasonable time frame. It is understood and accepted that customers/investees need knowledge and resources to implement ESG improvements, so full adherence cannot generally be expected at the start of the relationship. Consequently, the appetite for ESG risk is open during the initial phases of an investment and reduces over time. The appetite for unmitigated ESG risk is minimal for repeat investments. At the portfolio level, FMO also has a cautious appetite for ESG risk. In view of FMO’s own capacity to support and monitor customers/investees in improving their ESG risk mitigation, FMO seeks a manageable mix of customers/investees with (partially) unmitigated ESG risk and customers/investees with adequate risk mitigation in place. FMO accepts a limited gap in successful ESG risk management to our standards. This gap acknowledges residual risk posed by contextual and implementation challenges in our markets.

As part of its investment process, FMO screens and categorizes all customers on ESG risk. For a detailed description of our ESG risk management process, refer to the chapter 'Our investment process'.

Our ESG assessment of high-risk customers is integrated into the investment process. FMO monitors and rates gross risk exposure and customer performance on key ESG risks using FMO’s proprietary Sustainability Information System (SIS). SIS ratings are revised throughout the lifetime of the investment as part of the annual review cycle of each customer, enabling FMO to have an up-to-date portfolio-wide view of the ESG risks in its portfolio.

FMO’s ESG target indicates portfolio alignment with our ESG risk appetite. Our ESG target of 90% refers to 90% of the ESG risks of our high ESG risk portfolio managed adequately by our customers/investees. Our methodology is further elaborated in the 'ESG target' section.

Non- financial risk

Reputation risk

Reputation risk is inevitable given the nature of the Fund's operations in developing countries, focusing on water and land-use specific interventions. FMO has a moderate appetite for reputation risk, accepting that reputational impact of activities may incidentally lead to negative press coverage, NGO attention or undesirable client feedback, as long as these activities clearly contribute to FMO’s mission.

These risks cannot be completely avoided, but they are mitigated as much as possible through strict policies, upfront assessment and, when necessary, through agreements with the Fund’s clients. Potential impact is conducted by feasibility studies and impact assessments, evaluated either by professionals or as needed, by specialist third party consultants.

FMO has in place a Sustainability Policy, as well as statements on human rights, land rights, and gender positions. FMO and CFM have established an Independent Complaints Mechanism consisting of an Independent Expert Panel for assessing issues and breaches of their respective policies.

Operational risk

Definition

Operational risk is defined as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events, including legal risks, excluding strategic risks.  This is the Basel definition of operational risk, which covers a wide range of non-financial risks.

FMO adopted the Operational Risk Data Exchange Association (ORX) risk taxonomy to structure all non-financial risk types, such as people, data, model, technology, third party, information and cyber security, business continuity, statutory reporting, transaction execution, et cetera. FMO uses the terms operational risk and non-financial risk interchangeably.

Risk appetite and governance

FMO is cautious about non-financial risks. We do not seek them as they have no direct material reward in terms of return/income generation, but they are inherent to our business. We prefer safe options, with low inherent risk, even if they limit rewards or lead to higher costs. There is no appetite for high residual risk.

First and second line functions work closely together to understand the full and varied spectrum of non-financial risks, and to focus their risk and control efforts on meaningful and material risks. Risk identification and assessment draws on multiple sources of data, such as topic-specific risk-assessments, results of half-yearly control monitoring and testing rounds, internal loss data and root cause analysis, audit results, supervisory findings, and key risk indicators. Policies and operating procedures clarify control standards, accountabilities, and mandate training on key risks.

Management of the first line is responsible for understanding risks and implementing and operating internal controls in the day-to-day business processes. Key controls are monitored and tested twice a year. The first line performs these responsibilities in line with the risk management framework, using the methods and tools provided by the second-line Operational Risk function. The Operational Risk function challenges and advises the first line, performs oversight and maintains the Integrated Control Framework.

Risk events will occur, despite the implementation of internal controls. Risk events can result in losses, non-compliance, misstatements in the financial reports, and reputational damage. Risk events are centrally registered and reviewed and classified by the Operational Risk team. Root cause analyses of high-concern risk events require approval by the Non-financial Risk Committee and follow-up of remediating actions is tracked and reported.

Non-financial Risk metrics are reported on a quarterly basis. These metrics cover operational risks, such as the amount of loss per quarter, timely follow-up of remediating actions by management, and specific metrics for all non-financial risk subtypes. All departmental directors evaluate the operational risks in their area of responsibility and sign a departmental in control statement at year end.

Financial economic crime risk

Definition

Financial Economic Crime Risk is the risk that FMO, its subsidiaries, investments, customers and/or employees are involved or used for any non-violent crime that has a financial component, even though at times such transactions may be hidden or not socially perceived as criminal. 

During 2023, FMO continued to enhance the maturity of its financial economic crime (FEC) framework through building the team, strengthening our policies and procedures and continuous monitoring of performance. 

Financial economic crime framework

FMO’s financial economic crime (FEC) procedures include, amongst others, screening of customers on compliance with applicable anti-money laundering, counter financing of terrorism and international sanctions laws and regulations. Due diligence is performed on customers, which includes checks such as verifying the ultimate beneficial owners of the customer we finance, identifying politically exposed persons and screening against mandatory international sanction lists. These checks are also performed regularly during the relationship with existing customers. FMO Fund’s customers are included in FMO’s procedures to mitigate the financial economic crime risk.

In January, FMO received the results of DNB’s assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of FMO’s sanctions screening systems. Based on the results of the examination, DNB assessed that the overall functioning of these screening systems is currently ‘sufficient’. FMO is also conducting training programs for its employees to raise awareness on sanctions. Further, FMO continues to remind its customers of the importance of sanctions compliance.

Also, in 2023, FMO has reviewed its Systematic Integrity Risk Analysis (SIRA) framework based on lessons learned from past SIRAs. This review resulted in an adjusted approach for 2023 and 2024: the (companywide) SIRA will be data driven and will enable FMO to identify its top integrity risks, level of risk mitigation and need for follow up actions.

FMO continues to work on strengthening the risk culture and creating awareness on FEC, (intended) unusual transactions and anti-bribery and corruption practices. In 2023, all FMO employees were required to complete the compliance e-learning that addresses personal integrity topics, such as bribery and corruption. In addition, new investment staff were also required to complete the KYC e-learning as part of their onboarding. All new investment staff were also required to undertake additional training related to the FEC program and remediation project.

In August of 2023, it was reported that, due to delayed notifications of unusual transactions to the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) in 2021 and 2022, DNB decided on enforcement measures. DNB is currently re-assessing these measures upon the request of FMO (by means of objection). FMO’s related Financial Economic Crime (FEC) framework enhancement program – which involved a full KYC file remediation – was finalized at the end of 2021. Throughout 2023, FMO concentrated on the continuous improvement of its FEC framework, which included periodic reviews of policies and procedures, training, and monitoring of performance.

General Data Protection Act (GDPR)

The follow-up GDPR project, which was initiated in January 2023, has been finalized. Additional technical and organizational controls have been implemented to further strengthen personal data security. To keep risk awareness on top of mind, several training sessions were organized, for departments across the three lines. This will continue in 2024. The outcome of the 2023 GDPR pillar reassessment by EY Belgium on behalf of the EC is positive. FMO fulfils the requirements with regard to the protection of personal data. Overseas representative offices are fully in scope.